SUMMARY: The federal debt has grown from $1 trillion in 1980 to a record $40 trillion today. President Trump has added $12 trillion to the debt. The causes of the dramatic growth of the debt are quite clear: Republican tax cuts and increased military spending. Wealthy individuals and corporations benefit by paying less in taxes and collecting over $360 billion a year from interest on government bonds. High government debt hurts average Americans by increasing inflation and the interest rates they pay on all types of debt. This all leads to high and growing economic inequality.
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The federal debt has grown from $1 trillion in 1980 to a record $40 trillion today. President Trump has added $12 trillion to the debt in six years as President (despite his promises to reduce it); that’s almost a third of the debt that’s accumulated over the last 45 years. And it’s now growing at a rate of about $2 trillion a year. The debt has grown very fast in recent months, in part because Trump’s tariffs were declared illegal and had to be refunded. [1]
The causes of the dramatic growth of the debt over the last 45 years are quite clear:
- Republican tax cuts under Presidents Reagan, G. W. Bush, and Trump that primarily benefit wealthy individuals and corporations,
- Increased military spending including the costs of wars, primarily fueled by Republican Presidents, and
- At a less dramatic level, one-time emergency spending in response to the Covid pandemic and the economic crash of 2008.
The G.W. Bush and Trump tax cuts gave the richest 20% of Americans 65% of the benefits, while the top 1% got 22% of the benefits. It’s estimated that these tax cuts’ reductions of the federal government’s revenue have added about $11 trillion to the debt since 2001.
Wealthy individuals and corporations benefit from this in two ways. They are:
- Paying less in taxes, and
- Collecting a big share of the $1 trillion a year in interest the government is paying for the money borrowed to cover the debt.
Wealthy individuals and corporations used to help fund the government by paying more in taxes. However, top income tax rates for wealthy individuals have fallen from 91% in the 1950s to 37% today. Corporate tax rates have fallen from 50% to 21%. Today, the 400 richest Americans pay an average effective tax rate of only 24%, including federal, state, local, and corporate taxes. Many of them have years where they pay no federal income taxes, including Donald Trump and Jeff Bezos. [2]
This loss of government revenue means the government spends more than it takes in. Therefore, it must borrow money to cover the difference. So, wealthy individuals and corporations now fund government spending by loaning it money (by buying government bonds) and then collecting interest on those bonds.
The federal government is now paying $1 trillion a year in interest on the $40 trillion debt that is covered by selling government bonds to investors. While 30% of the bonds are owned by foreign investors and governments, 70% are owned by domestic investors. These investors include individuals, mutual funds, pension funds, and companies such as banks and insurance companies. The richest Americans own a disproportionate share of financial investments, with the richest 1% of Americans owning 36% of all financial assets. Therefore, a reasonable estimate is that at least 36% of the $1 trillion the government pays in interest, $360 billion a year, is paid to the richest Americans. [3]
The $1 trillion in annual interest payments are $1 trillion that the government doesn’t have to spend on other programs and services. This amount is roughly equal to what is spent on Medicare in a year or what is in the annual Defense Department budget.
Government borrowing of large amounts of money increases interest rates. The rapid current borrowing has pushed the interest rate the government has to pay to get investors to buy its mainstay 30-year Treasury bonds to 5.5%, the highest level in 25 years. As a result, interest rates Americans pay on mortgages, credit card debt, car loans and leases, and student debt are all increasing. The cost of borrowing money for businesses is also increasing. This all increases the rate of inflation. [4]
So, while wealthy individuals and corporations are pocketing billions of dollars due to lower tax rates, they are also collecting billions in interest on their investments in government bonds. Meanwhile, average Americans are paying more on any kind of debt they have, are facing inflation in the prices of the goods and services they need, and are getting less support from the federal government because of reduced spending due to less revenue and more that has to be spent on paying interest on the debt. All of this leads to very high and growing economic inequality in the U.S. (See this previous post for more details.)
For lots of good news see Jess Craven’s Chop Wood Carry Water blog’s most recent good news Sunday post here.
[1] Johnson, J., 8/20/26, “Economists blame $40 trillion debt milestone on two things: GOP ineptitude and tax cuts for the rich,” Common Dreams (https://www.commondreams.org/news/economists-trump-40-trillion-debt)
[2] Reich, R., 8/20/26, “Who’s raking it in as the national debt explodes?” Robert Reich blog post (https://robertreich.substack.com/p/who-gets-paid-as-our-national-debt)
[3] Reich, R., 8/20/26, see above
[4] Kuttner, R., 8/19/26. “How the cost of money spikes inflation,” The American Prospect (https://prospect.org/2026/08/19/how-cost-of-money-spikes-inflation/)
